This chapter discusses the relationships between formative and summative assessments—both in the classroom and externally. In addition to teachers, site-and district-level administrators and decision ...

Assessment is the process of collecting information for the purpose of making educational decisions. Paper and pencil tests traditionally have been used to assess students' factual knowledge of ...

Summative assessments evaluate learning at the end of a unit, course, or instructional period. While typically used to gauge final outcomes, these assessments can also serve formative purposes, ...

This report elaborates on the Standards by providing a guide to optimize the ongoing activity in the science classroom that engages both teachers and students in making judgments about the students' ...